The effects of exposure to violence in media

The effects of exposure to violence in media CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0Introduction Violence is the use of physical force to injure people or property. Violence may cause physical pain to those who experience it directly, as well as emotional distress to those who either experience or witness it. Individuals, families, schools, workplaces, communities, society, and the environment all are harmed by violence. Violence is a social and health problem for all who experience and witness it. Violence takes many forms, including Family violence, often referred to as domestic abuse, child abuse, child maltreatment, spouse abuse, and wife battering. Other than that, sexual violence, media violence that is the violence that been shown on television, in film. Plus, this era people can see violence through video games and many other examples. Research indicates that violent behaviour may have many different causes, some of which are inborn but most of which are learned from experiencing or witnessing violent behaviour by others, particularly those who are role models. (Daniel, 2007) Moreover, media violence can lead to real violence in multiple ways. Watching television violence is an important predictor of aggressive behaviour. Childrens cartoons and music videos in particular often portray violence. American children see about 16,000 simulated murders and 200,000 acts of violence on television by age 18. In nearly 75 percent of those cases, punishment is not shown to be a consequence of violent behaviour. (U.S. Surgeon General and the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health, 2006) Nevertheless, a research done by Albert Bandura (1961) found that, if children observe violent behaviour at home, in school, or on television, they may come to believe that turning angry feelings into angry actions is acceptable behaviour. When these children become angry themselves, they will display the behaviours they have observed, and they even may create new angry behaviours that go beyond what they have learned from their models. 1.1Background of the study Media violence is recognized as a potential contributor to the increase of antisocial attitudes in children and adolescents (Ledingham, Ledingham, Richardson, 1993). Considerations about media violence go back to the 1920s. At that time the earliest coordinated social scientific research investigation into the impact of media violence began in the western countries. It was intended at studying the harmful impacts of media on society. The development of television as a common mass entertainment and information medium during the 1950s encountered similar concerns about potential harms, especially in connection with young audiences (Gunter, 1994). The most important concern in the debate about media violence has been whether or not it promotes aggressive behavior among viewers (Van Evra, 1990). The relationship between heavy exposure to media violence and later aggressive behavior has been studied for more than thirty years. A large body of experimental and longitudinal research on thi s question has been evaluated, and it has been determined that there is a link between viewing TV violence and aggressive behavior (APA, 1993). There is also research indicating that heavy exposure to screen violence can cause problems in other domains of social behavior. For example, it can make people become both fearful of the world around them and more accepting of violence in the real life as displayed by others (Singer Singer, 1980). Nowadays, many concerns have been raised about the kinds of values and attitudes that may be inculcated by exposure to certain kinds of media content, especially violence in movies (Kubey Larson, 2005). During the last decade, accusations towards the media have also been made against violent computer and video games, the popularity of which among adolescents is rising (Scott, 2000). While social scientists work on determining the major causation of violence, such as social environments, cultural factors, family instruction, and group membership (Fraser, 1996; Staub, 1996), parents, teachers, politicians and school administrators continue blaming the media for increases in violence attitudes among adolescents. For instance, school principals, mothers, and young people were surveyed for their perceptions of factors influencing violence among youth. The results showed that violent messages in rap music and violence in the movies are perceived as the factors influencing violence (Kandakai, Price, Telljohann, 1999, Pryor, Sard, Bombyk, 1999). Moreover, the results indicated that media violence was perceived to be one of the major causes of violence in 47-54% of the questionnaires. Clearly, media violence is not in itself a sufficient cause of real world violence (Zuckerman, 1996).However, as the numerous studies show, parents and school personnels’ concerns about media violence are justified. 1.1.1Attitudes toward Violence Attitudes toward violence are viewed as having a significant mediating role in the translation of aggressive feelings into aggressive behaviours (Velicer, Huckel, Hansen, 2003). Furthermore, researchers have identified social attitudes that could be responsible for cultural variations in rates of violence (Cohen Nisbett, 1994). It is asserted that attitudes are governed by internal value systems. Person develops his/her attitudes through a complex and particular evaluative procedure based on cognitive and affective reactions to life experiences (Eiser van der Pligt, 1988). From a social cognitive approach, attitudes are believed to guide individual differences in social information processing. For instance, beliefs that violence is compulsory to achieve desired results may lead a person to focus more to aggressive aspects of social cues or anticipate positive outcomes for violent behavior (Dodge, 1993). It is commonly admited that attitudes have a significant power on behavior, especially violent behavior (Kxaus, 1995). Relations have been found between specific attitudes and violent behavior in children and adolescents. Huesmann and Guerra (1997) detected that through middle childhood, childrens beliefs that violence is acceptable. Another study by Vernberg, Jacobs and Hershberger (1999) investigated attitudes about violence as a possible influence on the frequency of commonplace aggression toward peers. The results demonstrated that the relation between attitudes favoring violence and self-reported aggression toward peers was significant in the sample of 1,000 youth. A positive relationship between proviolence attitudes and actual violent behavior has been also found in a sample of youth from juvenile detention and school settings (Slaby Guerra, 1988). It was found that a belief about the acceptability of aggression was significant and independent predictor of aggressive behavior. Violence related beliefs were related to self-reported violent behavior in a study of low income African American youth. An intervention designed to change violence-related beliefs resulted in decreased aggressive behavior in adolescents incarcerated for violent offences (Guerra Slaby, 1990). Given that attitudes influence behavior al predispositions, changing attitudes should contribute to behavioral change (Shapiro, Dorman, Burkley, Welker, Clough, 1997). In turn, this means that attitudes are an appropriate target for violence prevention programs. Media are believed to be potential contributors to the development of antisocial behavior in children. One can identify several ways that media violence could affect social behavior. First, TV violence could provide the original aggressive scripts which children store in memory. Secondly, TV violence might affect behavior by changing a persons attitudes or emotional responses to violence. Thirdly, it may arouse a person, which in a short-term may have serious outcomes, for example, physical risk-taking (Potts, Doppler, Hernandez, 1994). Educators and researchers are especially concerned with children and youth, because their attitudes, beliefs, ideas about the world, as well as social skills, are beginning to take form. Given the fact that children and youth are often exposed to media which glorify violence, and that the young viewers are still in very active developmental stages, it is reasonable to argue that there might be a relationship between extensive exposure to violent medi a and subsequent development of antisocial behavior. 1.2Problem Statement Although much of the research has focused on exposure to media violence as a factor contributing to antisocial behavior (Groebel, 1998), some effects of media violence have been examined more extensively than others. Woodfield (1989), in her review of the literature, asserted that the major concern has been the causal relationship between TV violence and aggressive attitudes, and there were fewer studies that focused on the cognitive and affective outcomes of exposure to media violence. The same notion was stated by Rule and Ferguson (1986), who declared that there seemed to be sparse research regarding the relation between media exposure and attitudes toward aggression (p.39). Upon reviewing the literature for this study, it has become obvious that research directly investigating the relation between media violence and attitudes has tended to focus on the acceptance of violence toward women (Malamuth Check, 1981; St.Lawrence Joyner, 1991). Only a few available studies considered the special effects of exposure to media violence on attitudes toward violence. Furthermore, outcomes of these studies are mixed. Some researchers found that the greater the level of exposure to television violence, the more the child was willing to suggest violence as a solution to conflict, to perceive it as effective, and to become more accepting of violent behavior displayed by others (Dominick Greenberg, 2001). Others did not find any significant support for the hypotheses that high exposure to television violence caused adolescents to accept violence as a way to solve their problems, and that exposure to television violence made them more callous in relation to near or distant violence in the world around them (Woodfield, 1989). Despite the fact that there is little research evidence to confirm attitudinal changes as a result of exposure to media violence, it is a pervasive theme throughout the empirical literature that heavy exposure to violent messages conveyed in the media influences and shapes individual attitudes toward violence in the real world. For example, it is often encountered that heavy viewers of TV/video violence tend to accept violence as a solution to conflicts and perceive it as an effective means of settling disputes (Potter, 1998), that viewers might believe that it is fairly common for people to fight, and that aggression is proper and acceptable in many different real-life situations (Berkowitz, 2001). Thus, more research is needed to test the empirical evidence. It should also be mentioned that the majority of research presented above was experimental, and it is clear that the results could be different in the natural environment. In addition, research was conducted mostly with children, which makes it difficult to make generalizations on other age groups. Since adolescent boys are the main audience of movies with violent content, and their culture also includes violent computer and video games, often human-directed (Funk Buchman, 2002), it is considered worthwhile to conduct a study exploring adolescents attitudes toward violence on the basis of their exposure to screen violence, both passive (movies) and interactive (video/computer games) 1.3.1Research Objectives The general objective of this study is to identify whether there is an effects of watching violence movies on the attitudes concerning aggression among secondary schoolboys. The specific objectives of this study are intended to: 1.3.1.1To determine the habits of SMKDTHO secondary schoolboys in watching films. 1.3.1.2To examine the level of affection of SMKDTHO secondary schoolboys to watch violence movies. 1.3.1.3To identify the relationship between affection toward violent movie and attitudes concerning aggression among SMKDTHO secondary schoolboys. 1.3.2Research Questions Based on the problems mentioned, the key questions to be studies are: 1.3.2.1What are the habits of SMKDTHO secondary schoolboys in watching films? 1.3.2.2What are the levels of affection of SMKDTHO secondary schoolboys toward violence movies? 1.3.2.3Is there a relationship between affection toward violent movie and attitudes concerning aggression among SMKDTHO secondary schoolboys? 1.4.1 Conceptual Framework Figure 1.4.1 1.4.2Conceptual Definition Hypothesis 1 H1: The SMKDTHO secondary schoolboy’s habit in watching violence movies is watching violent movies with their parents. Hypothesis 2 H1: The level of affection of SMKDTHO secondary schoolboys is high in watching violent movies. Hypothesis 3 H1: There is a relationship between affection toward violent movie and attitudes concerning aggression among SMKDTHO secondary schoolboys. 1.5Scope of Study The scope and coverage of this study will be targeted at the Form One until Form Five secondary schoolboys that is age between 13-17 years old in Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Desa Tun Hussein Onn (SMKDTHO) in Kuala Lumpur. The main reason is because they have the potential to expose the research which is the effects of watching violence movies on the attitudes concerning aggression among secondary schoolboys. In this school, the entire students have different kind of attitudes and skill level toward the effect of violent movies. Some of them have their own perspective and preferences in watching violence movies. The expected amount of targeted respondents is 50 people and it is important to find out the relationship between affection toward violent movie and attitudes concerning aggression. This research will focus on quantitative method with questionnaire. 1.6Significance of the Study Presentation to violence in the media can affect adolescents forceful conduct. The presentation to brutality in viewing the violent films can have on forceful conduct and dreadfulness on the teenagers. Ann Cami (2008) talk about that even there is no proof supporting the thought that rough media can truly really increments violence wrongdoing, still research has mulled over that when a teen have watch a violent films, some may carry on forcefully, they may attempt to be a copycat, bully other individuals or may experience apprehension, create doubtful observations concerning the roughness that exists in this present reality, or grow less propelled good thinking methodologies. There are numerous cases we can see in our county Malaysia. So the primary reason is to know the impacts of viewing violent movies on the state of mind concerning hostility. Here, parents, teacher, the school administrators and the counsellor play important roles to help the teenagers about this. 1.6.1 Parents CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.0Introduction A quantitative methodology is felt as the perfect system to be utilized for this study. This is on account of the writing audit has obviously demonstrated that this methodology is generally utilized as a part of the field of examination on media and their impacts on the general public. Moreover, a quantitative examination outline is relevant to the motivation behind the present study: to think about and foresee savagery related state of mind among pre-adult young men on the premise of their introduction to media roughness. In particular, the study utilizes a review examination outline technique that permits the incorporation of an extensive number of specimen (respondents) while considering a few mediating variables. Review procedure has a few qualities that make it more proficient to intercultural studies. The area of this study was seven universal schools in Kuala Lumpur. The seven universal schools chose were The Alice Smith School, MontKiara Worldwide School, Utama Global School, Arrangement Universal School, Fairview Global School, Sayfol Universal School, and Worldwide Indian Universal School. The point of interest of these worldwide schools has been gotten from Kuala Lumpur Instruction Office. As per rundown there were 10 Global schools in Kuala Lumpur of which three of them are elementary schools. This study utilized the comprehensively 4-scale Likert sort instrument as the primary strategy for information accumulation. Likert is a psychometric scale habitually used in surveys structures, and is the most generally used scale in study mull over too. In the wake of offering an explanation to a Likert survey, specialist can recognize their level of consent to a subject. The information was gathered utilizing four instruments: the Demographic Poll, the Media survey Propensities Poll, the fondness to film viciousness scale, the State of mind concerning Hostility Scale. 3.1 Population and sample The specimen estimate that has been utilized for this examination is taking into account the Krejcie, R.V and Morgan D.W (1970). Consequently, taking into account Krejcie and Morgan (1970) out of 865 schoolboys in Kuala Lumpur universal schools, the example was 260. Since the quantity of understudies in chose schools was unequal, circulating the polls was in view of the extent of number of schoolboys in each one school to the aggregate populace of understudies. Thusly, 30 to 45 polls were conveyed in diverse schools in light of the specified extents. The choice to target guys can be portrayed by the way that immature young men are the fundamental crowd of activity motion pictures with abnormal amounts of brutality (Roe, 1995). They are additionally the most continuous feature films/PC diversion players (Griffiths, 1991). Whats more, since the past studies show, young men are more inclined to pick films with dream and human savagery as their top choice (Buchman Funk, 2003). As the present study is gone for surveying youth demeanour to savagery on the premise of presentation to media brutality, this decision of the example of the study is sensible. The testing system utilized for this study is methodical inspecting strategy. The fundamental concern in the utilize of precise inspecting with a consistent dispersing is that the things to be examined ought not to be set in an organized style which may compare to the dividing along transect or the network. (Carter Gregorich, 2008) Methodical inspecting is regularly utilized and easy to apply; it comprises of taking each Kth testing unit after an arbitrary begin (Kish 1995)

Views Toward Christians :: essays research papers

Some of the most important writings of the Apostolic Age were those of the new testament and the Apocryphal writings. These apocryphal writings resembled the New Testament writings, and many of them fell into the literary categories of gospel, acts, letters, and apocalypse's. These writings did not belong neither to the New Testament canon nor did the writings recognize any of the fathers of the church. Some of the documents were written for initiates in groups such as the Gnostics. For the groups that claimed knowledge derived from a secret tradition, the works were genuinely apocryphal, which means, "books kept hidden." Others were written for open and general use in the churches of which their authors were members. Many of these simply failed to become accepted as part of the orthodox canon of the Bible. There are many different views toward Christians. From an intellectual point of view, Christians agree with others as far as to follow Christ, and many have viewed them as a people who believe in the divine inspiration of the entire Bible and that this bible is sufficient enough to guide us in the right direction concerning all of our matters of faith. They view us (myself being a Catholic) as a people who believe that the moral principles of Jesus are the absolute truth, and that the New Testament must be our only guide in religious faith. On the other hand, there are those who view Christians. On the other hand, There were those who had sworn that Christians were atheists. They claimed that Christians were Atheist because they did not worship traditional religion. People actually believed that Christians supported no religion at all and were nothing other than non believers. They had also claimed that Christians practiced incest among one another because of their family gatherings at dinner time. Although not everyone believed these stories, they were still spread throughout many of the religious communities. The celebrations and the belief in the real, physical presence of Christ in the Eucharist grew from the teachings of the evangelists and St. Paul. They made it plain to the apostolic Church that the Eucharistic elements were literally Jesus Christ continuing His saving mission among men. The Eucharist celebrations began because of the Christians devotion and faith of the Real Presence of Christ in the Holy Eucharist. The celebration of the Eucharist is founded on our Catholic doctrine and it is grounded on the solid rock of our Christian revelation.

Seperating Metal Cations Using Paper Chromatography

Lab #3 Separating Metal Cations by Paper Chromatography Introduction/Purpose: In chemistry, it is important to effectively analyze the components in a given mixture. In order to do so, chemists will analyze a mixture either qualitatively or quantitatively using different methods and equipment. Qualitative analyses are subjective, and only gather â€Å"non-numerical† data such as the color, appearance, and smell of the components. This data is intended to obtain physical information on the components present.While quantitative analyses are objective, and use â€Å"numerical† data to gather the quantity of the components present. Quantitative data can be given in terms of height, area, volume, weight, speed, time, temperature, etc. Each method of data analyses provides chemists with specific types of information that can be used to draw conclusions about the experiments they have performed. This lab utilized both quantitative and qualitative data by using the Paper Chroma tography method for determining the metal cations present in an unknown sample.This was performed by using reagents that reacted with the metal cations deposited on the paper. The retention factor of each known cation was calculated in order to determine which metal cations were present in two unknown samples. Objective: Effectively use Paper Chromatography to analyze quantitative and qualitative data of different metal cations, in an effort to correctly identify two unknown samples of metal cations, by comparing them against a chromatogram with known component reactions.This lab also aids in better understanding the importance of developing a chemist’s observation and data recording methods, as some of the reactions are faint, or may degrade over a short period. Material & Equipment: 1) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 2) 600 ml beaker 3) Plastic wrap 4) Rubber band 5) (3) Paper filters 6) (2) 11 x 14 cm pieces of chromatographic paper 7) Pencil 8) Metric ruler 9) Capilla ry tube 10) Paper towels 11) 10 ml of 6M HCL 12) 35 ml of Acetone ((CH3)2CO) 13) Metal cations- Iron(III), Cobalt(II), Nickel(II), and Copper(II) 14) Two unknown sample cations 5) Reagents: Potassium ferrocyanide, Potassium thiocynate in acetone, Dimethyl glyoxime in ethanol 16) 50 ml beaker with 25 ml of ammonium hydroxide 17) Fume hood Procedure/Methods: 1) *See the attached pre-lab outline for the procedure/order of operations used in completing this lab experiment* 2) *The procedure was altered at step #9 with direction from the lab instructor. Chromatogram #2 was not spotted with the four known metal cations. * Three pieces of filter paper were used to practice spotting with the four known metal cations.The filter paper was folded into four separate sections and a small sample of the known metal cation was spotted onto a marked point. This process was repeated for each piece of filter paper. Filter sample #1 was spotted using potassium ferrocyanide; filter sample #2 was spotted using potassium thiocynate in acetone; and filter sample #3 was spotted using dimethyl glyoxime in ethanol. Using three separate samples allowed the group to analyze the qualitative results (color change) of the interactions with each of the four metal cations.This provided preliminary data that was used to hypothesize which compound would be best to spot the known metal cations on chromatogram #1. After reviewing both the interaction results, and the retention values (RF), we then determined which reagent provided the most identifiable interaction with each of the metal cations. Equation 1. [pic] Data: *See attached Data Sheets* Results: The lab instructor reported the results of the correct unknown metal cations as follows: 1) Unknown #1 = Copper ) Unknown #2 = Iron and Nickel As shown on Data Sheet #2, our lab group concluded that the unknown metal cations were as follows: 1) Unknown #1 = Cobalt 2) Unknown #2 = Iron Qualitative Data (Chromatogram #1): The first observations made of chromatogram #1 were those of the physical changes in the color of the metal cations after they were exposed to the developing solvent. The colors observed for the metal cations were as shown by the corresponding bar graph in Figure 1 below.Copper = Light Brown, Nickel = Pink, Iron = Blue, and Cobalt = Green Quantitative Data (Chromatogram #1): After the qualitative observations were analyzed and recorded, the spotted sections of each metal cation were marked with a pencil at the highest migration distance of the substance. This measurement was then used in calculating the Rf value of each metal cation, using Equation 1 above, and represented in Figure 1 below. Copper = . 7, Nickel = . 1, Iron = 1, and Cobalt = . 5 Figure 1. [pic] Qualitative Data (Chromatogram #2):The first observations made of chromatogram #2 were those of the physical changes in the color of the metal cations after they were exposed to the developing solvent. The colors observed for the metal cations were as shown by the corresponding bar graph in Figure 2 below. Unknown #1 = Green, and Unknown #2 = Blue Quantitative Data (Chromatogram #1): After the qualitative observations were analyzed and recorded, the spotted sections of each metal cation were marked with a pencil at the highest migration distance of the unknown substance.This measurement was then used in calculating the Rf value of the unknown metal cations, using Equation 1 above, and represented in Figure 2 below. Unknown #1 = . 41 and Unknown #2 = . 91 Figure 2. [pic] Conclusion: The qualitative and quantitative data of the known metal cations from chromatogram #1 were used to determine the metal cations that composed Unknown sample #1 and #2, in chromatogram #2. Unknown #1 was developed using KSCN/acetone, and Unknown #2 was developed using K4Fe(CN)6. However, it is unknown why we chose to use that reagent as opposed to the other two available.It is also clear that a deviation from the procedure caused us to erroneously streak our chromatogram unknowns with only one reagent. Failing to spot and streak chromatogram #2 with all reagents prohibited our ability to analyze the sample after exposure to all reactions. As shown from the results of the filter paper samples, we were able to see qualitative changes on Fe, Cu, and Co with the use of potassium ferrocyanide, Fe, Cu, and Co with the use of potassium thiocynate in acetone, and Fe, Co, and Ni with the use of dimethyl glyoxime in ethanol.Although the colors in each reaction were different with each of the reagents used on the filter paper samples, the use of each reagent would have provided us with a number of visual changes to identify. Those observations would have been marked, and prompted more calculations of the Rf values associated with each reaction, allowing for a more thorough evaluation and determination of the unknown metal cations present.Although we were able to accurately detect the presence of Fe in unknown sample #2, it is evident that if the chromatogram had been exposed to the dimethyl glyoxime in ethanol, we would have detected the Ni as well. The exposure of the filter sample containing the Ni, to dimethyl glyoxime in ethanol, yielded the only visual reaction, out of all three reagents tested. This labs results further solidify the need to conduct the procedure as thoroughly as possible, and if there are feelings of inadequacy, we perform the procedures that we feel will enable us to procure the most accurate results.

Sociology Immigrants And California - 2309 Words

Sociology: Immigration to California Name: Institution: Immigration California is the most populated state in the United States. It has nine regions of which Northern California is the main focus. It has very many people with very different ethnic, racial, religious and national backgrounds. Notably, the population of California stands out as one of the most varied and composite anywhere on the globe. The population has rapidly increased over the last century. By 1950, the population of California was only about 10 million people. As of 2000, the population had increased threefold to an approximation of almost 35 million people (Reyes Currie, 2001). Of specific importance, the most prominent ancestries found in California†¦show more content†¦The Asians and African Americans contributed 11 percent and 7 percent respectively (Reyes Currie, 2001). As can be seen, the diversity of California implies that for proper analysis of the issue of immigration to Northern California particularly, one or two ethnic groups must be looked. Mexican ancestry, as a result, will be the primary focus of this report. Pre-immigration of Mexicans to Northern California Up to the present time, a strong connection exists between the Mexican and American labor markets most outstandingly the workforce market of California. By the year 1980, an approximate percentage of 20 percent of the California’s population was from Mexico. In the first part of the twentieth century, there was a colossal exodus of people from Mexico. It approximates that from the year 1910 to 1930, over 1.5 million Mexicans moved to the USA with about 40 percent moving to Northern California at least temporarily. In Mexico at around this period, there were disruptions from the military revolutions and the many rebellions taking place. Such factors effectively, â€Å"pushed† the Mexicans. They were also â€Å"pulled† to the United States owing to the improving and rising standards of living, mostly in the agricultural sector (Pries, 2004). The largest proportion of the Mexican migrants was notably from the seven central states. War and rebellion predominantly characterized the central states areas.

Factors That Influence Obesity Rates Among Children Essay

This paper will describe the factors that influence obesity rates among children. It will review relevant literature concerning the bio-psychosocial facts and etiology involved in childhood obesity. This paper will discuss why this is a problem not only for the client system, but also a significant social problem. Multiple systems will be explored to support the continuation of the problem on a micro, mezzo and macro level. Some specific policies that exacerbate the problem will be looked at along with basic values embedded in the policy. Describe the problem: what are the bio-psychosocial facts and antecedents that contribute to the problems and how it manifested. Obesity has been recognized as a major public health problem that has reached pandemic levels worldwide (). This disease has flourished despite differences among countries and regions ( ). The prevalence of obesity is increasing among all ages and racial groups (). In many countries, Australia, Brazil, the united Kingdom, China and the United States obesity rates have skyrocketed (). The obesity phenomenon in children is increasing at an alarming rate. According to the focus of the socio- economic status (SES) is to show the association between children who are overweight and children who are obese (), almost 32% of children aged 2-19 years were overweight. Data also indicated that almost 17% of these children were obese. The report also aimed to determine whether socio- economic status is due to disparitiesShow MoreRelatedReduced Energy Expenditure And Prevalence Obesity Rates Among Children928 Words   |  4 Pageshas contributed to prevalence obesity rates among children. Demographic and epidemiologic analysis alone do not account for the high rates in childhood obesity. These analysis help provide a clearer understanding of why obesity is a national epidemic. 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Sexuality And Its Effect On Adolescent Life - 1601 Words

A. Introduction Understanding about sexuality is very important in maintaining healthy sexual behavior. Limited understanding about sexuality will give negative effects on young adolescent life. There are several implications that are related with low of sexuality comprehension among young adolescent (1). One of the most important implication is that risk of infected by sexual transmitted infection through a risky sexual behavior. Adolescent are considered as an innocent and curious phase of human life, a lot of things to do, explore and learn. This phase of life creates huge curiosity, especially on sexuality (2). Young adolescent have a tendency to absorb various information from anywhere to fulfill their gap in mind and if these†¦show more content†¦According to manual based evidence (4), relevancy is firstly about correlation between the questions and result of the study which should be coincide each other. Secondly, the research has to be about social phenomena and this study is about one of social phenomena that although very interesting but It is rarely touched by research(4,5). †¢ Moreover, this study yield some theories which also a vital point for qualitative research, one of the theories is about the sexuality education in family, which explain that family who have a habit of open discussion about sexuality are more likely to gain a good two way communication compare with those who do not. †¢ The setting is a bit different to my setting because the cultural and religion aspect is quite the opposite where sexuality is considered as taboo to be spoken on daily conversation even in the family (6). However, the problem of adolescent is quite similar where the phase of exploring sexuality causing a lot of problem to the adolescent and the relation between the family and their children (6). 2. Result presentation †¢ The result are clearly presented by the author. Using transcribe of discussion about parent’s idea, statement about parent’s value, concern, aspiration about the sexuality question prepared by the researcher or other topic that pop up during discussion. †¢ The key points of the study are

Adaptation Of ERP System In Organisations †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About the Adaptation of ERP System in Organisations? Answer: Introduction Enterprise Resource planning [ERP] system is an information technology system package which can be configurable within the functions of the organisations incorporating the information based processes and other information (Hallikainen, et al., 2004). These information technological systems can be customised with the particular needs of the large, small and all kinds of small organization. The increasing use of ERP in the world is easing and facilitating flexible approach to operate the business activities. In the current time, ERP system is being implemented by the various industries and sectors irrespective of size of the organisation. Thus, it is becoming one of the most researched topics in the recent times (Miranda, et al., 2016). This research paper is focusing on the concept of Enterprise Resource Planning system and its significance in the present era. Moreover, the best industry which is appropriate for the implementation of ERP system is being explored for the business users significantly. The importance and specific reason behind the integration of ERP system in the organisation is also being investigated in the study. In addition to this, the regulation and rules like Sarbanes-Oxley Act have also been described with the suitable explanation behind its incorporation in the system with some case references. Furthermore, My SAP ERP has been illustrated with its prcised implications in this study. Lastly, the success or failure of the ERP integration in the organisations with the cause behind has also been detailed in the paper. Reasons for Adopting ERP Software In the recent few years, globalisation and liberalisation have changed the industrial scenario immensely (Light, 2004). The use of new technological tools in the organisation is not new now, along with this various methods that are being adopted by the organisations that minimises the manual work and helps the workers to do activities more accurately and promptly. Enterprise resource planning system is an information system package that is configured according to the specific functions and operations of the organisation and based on the information process to articulate the informations precisely. It is a very expensive yet very beneficial tool to handle the business operations and management quite effectively and efficiently (Light, 2004). It has been found in many of the researches that the information technology has benefited the organisations in many sectors but it has a significant effect in each of the business entity for two reasons basically. First, technological reason that emphasis on the maintenance and development of the platform to outsource software. Predominantly, it is used in supporting the traditional or previous versions of any software (Tortorella and Fries, 2015). The vendors can customise ERP software according to their requirement and acquired it for active operations. Moreover, any new development in the software can be integrated quite easily. The technology needs maintenance services time to time which is possible through ERP software. Moreover, one of the most important reasons for the adoption of ERP system is to apply a clean slate approach and improve the all over improvement in the software system. In the organisation, un-customised standards ERP packages are required to be attained. In old systems software, maintenance difficulties and no option further development are being faced by the organisation. Additionally, it facilitates a common platform for software as well as standardisation which is an essential need for the organisations (Tortorella and Fries, 2015). The groups can share the common information tech nology, integration of ERP system can be done with other systems, same network can be used by the groups of the companies, helps in changing the information system of the companies and ERP system is perfect solution of old systems that did not work in the needed manner. Besides that, ERP system is the perfect solution of resolution of the year 2000 issues and problem of euro conversion (Al-Jabri and Roztocki, 2014). ERP systems are preeminent choice to reduce IT costs as it helps in increasing the efficiency, to maintain more capacity with low cost investment and it also ensures support of low maintenance cost. Furthermore, the old IT structure and architecture is replaced with the modern and hi-tech technology, which is a crucial need of organisations to be competitive in the current time. Mainframe computers are old technology with old systems and obsolete technology, thus it needs to change with ERP models. It is a replacement investment as old investment has achieved its finished stage of development lifecycle (Al-Jabri and Roztocki, 2014). Not only this, second point in ERP model is need for the business reasons that entails want to standardized IT and organisational blueprint pressurised by the globalisation in the world. The global operations become easy in the ERP system plus any information can be transferred to any of the outlet/ system in the world in real time. It also enhanced the procurement of unified global system for whole the company and provides standards with suitable policies and practices (Ptak and Schragenheim, 2016). It is enable to satisfy the desires and needs of the group along with the attainment of developed objectives. Apart from this, companies desire for the newness an alternative methods and technology is being addressed by the ERP system. It supports the new processes and enhances the efficiency of embedded old processes (Rajan and Baral, 2015). It also looks out for the upcoming development and variable in business operations. The best part of incorporating the ERP is that it facilitates fast operating services and reliable for the decision makings. It is responsible for many beneficial improvements such as customer services, process control, project control, data visibility and managerial account reporting. Furthermore, it augments the reliability and credibility of the information plus the amount of information also increased through ERP models. Although it is an expensive affair yet it is conscientious for the information flow within the organisation and supports the operations of sales and marketing (Rajan and Baral, 2015). It helps in improving the incorporation of customer relationship m anagement and integration. ERP system is utilised by every sector and every industry as it enhances the operations and supports the functions of the organisation, while specifically there are many industries for business users integrating the ERP system gives the best results (Kapp, et al., 2016). The best industries that are suitable for adaptation of ERP system are manufacturing industry, consultancy industry, service industries, wholesale industry, retailing and logistics industry. Furthermore, the ERP system is very convenient for the large group of companies that worked for the same brand or managed by a single management team (Kapp, et al., 2016). Multinational and national chain stores/ companies are also requires these kind of ERP acquisition for comprehensive and easy operations management. Sarbanes-Oxley Act Business management includes the financial accounting and management accounting which is very essential part of the business (Badnaaz, 2003). Financial accounting is for external stakeholders, while management accounting is useful of the internal stakeholders of the organisation. Financial accounting is compulsory for the organisations as it has some statutory needs and over all reporting related to investments and financial activities of the organisation for the investors are being provided. My SAP is an ERP system that helps in effective and prompt operations of financial as well as management accounting of the organisations. However, in recent past years many irregularities and scandals have been revealed regarding the financial and managerial accounting that leads to imposing the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 which is also known as SOX for comprehensive reforms of business activities (Badnaaz, 2003). It enables the organisations to implement a standard format and procedure for the reco rding of financial and managerial recording. The act also included mangers in the act and as they responsible for any irregularities which are being made in financial reporting. The Enron scandal which is an American company that deals in oil and gas products was the ultimate force for the government to pass this act for the financial management with certain policies and standards. The company had expanded its operations oil refineries, power plants, gas, electricity and community, pulp and papers and became one of the biggest and most financially sound company in America (Ferran and Carlos, 2008). Until it bankrupted in 2001, reason was cheating and fraudulent actions in the financial reporting when the government made the de-regularisation in the oil and gas industry. Several financial crimes and misdeeds were revealed in 2001 and the main reason behind that was misrepresentation and financial illegal manipulation of corporate funds in the energy market (Green, 2004). In the end c ompany suffered substantial losses and failed to operate further in the U.S. market. The above case of misleading information and fraud directed Michael Oxley and Paul Sarbanes to create a law called as Sarbanes-Oxley Act to protect the external stakeholders and improve the corporate disclosure by facilitating accurate and credible financial reporting (Green, 2004). It mainly helped in finishing the drawbacks in previous accounting practices and improves the corporate government rules and regulations. Furthermore, it ensured the credibility and reliability in the accounts disclosure with corporate accountants and executives (Panorama Consulting Solutions, 2015). The act has facilitated transparency in the accounts and declaration made in the financial transaction and shareholders reporting. All of these implications are also complied with the My SAP ERP system as well. It also helped the organisations and external stakeholders to supervise and monitor the corporate behaviour and accounting practices of public companies related to the financial accosting recoding and transactions (Panorama Consulting Solutions, 2015). My SAP enables an organisation with strong cash management and integration of good practices regarding tax regulations and SOX rules. It provides immense precision in good-in-transit orders plus quality control and assurance. My SAP ERP system embraces customised information technology system used for both financial and managerial accounting which maintains make-to-order processing easy and incorporates the retail module in the organisation. Lastly, it also helps in innovative functionality in the development and creation of products (Panorama Consulting Solutions, 2015). Success and failure of ERP implementations and reasons ERP system is the central backbone for the organisation in the information management that provide its support in all the operations and functions (Al-Mudimigh and Aldammas, 2011). It has been critically researched in the past cases that the failure and success of the company is depending on the information technology or software which is used by the organisation. On the other hand, the main reason of success and failure lies with the effective and poor implementation of the software in the integration of the management of the organization (Rodriguez, et al., 2014). There are various companies in the history that has proved the ERP system as successful investment in the management operations and decision making such as Daimler Chrysler, Colgate-palm Company, the first capital financial company, Germany BASF Company and the Aluminium company. The success factors that are explored in implementation success stories of these companies include emphasis on the process and requirement of th e business. Moreover, a healthy ERP system with the higher return on investment and which can be further developed or improved should be focused to attain. ERP system also needs to be addressed with fully committed resources and strong project management (Al-Mudimigh and Aldammas, 2011). Besides the top management and company executive commitment is also needed for the effective implementation of ERP system. The internal environment should be comprised with flexible and expedient change management plus adequate ERP training should be provided to the employees. On the contrary, there are several cases of failure in the implementation of the ERP systems that has devastating results in the growth of the organisations such as New York City, Hudson Bay, Hewlett Packard Co., Nike Co., Waste Management Co., and Saudi Telecom Company (Rodriguez, et al., 2014). The basic reasons behind the failure in its implementation are lack of support from the top level management, ineffective measures and inadequacy in the companys culture. Furthermore, ample of customisation in the system or software also leads to complexities and ultimately outcomes in failure. The relationship between the organisation and consulting partners are also a reason for the unsuccessful ERP implementation (Whanga, et al., 2003). It also directed because of poor consultant effectiveness and poor quality of business processes that does not fit in the ERP system. The poor management of projects also causes the implementation process of ERP unproductive. Additionally, skipping the imp ortant steps of implementation may also lead to the ERP system ineffectiveness which are documentation, redefining and integration stages. Sometime, company choose unusual ERP systems and does not consider vendors recommendation seriously which obscure the process and operation of the organisation. The seeded configurations also has a difference in the implementation of AS IS and TO BE requirements of the business (Whanga, et al., 2003). In the end, budget is another major concern while implementing ERP systems that facilitates the key performance indicators and implementation of healthy return on investment. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be inferred that the Enterprise resources planning is implementation of information technology in the operation of the organisation to make the functions more versatile and uncomplicated. The main reason for the adoption of the information technology is divided into two area that is technological and business reasons. The need for fast and speedy transaction and process information in the real time is the main motive of ERP system. However, there were some frauds and misrepresentation of financial accounting cases that lead to implement the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to protect the investors. In addition to this, My SAP is an ERP system that helps the organisation in implementing the rules and effective management in the organisation. Lastly these are various cases that provide the factors which direct an organisation in the success and failure in implementation of the ERP system. References Al-Jabri, I. M., and Roztocki, N. 2014. Adoption of ERP Systems: Does Information Transparency Matter? Telematics and Informatics 32(2), pp. 300-310. Al-Mudimigh, A. S., and Aldammas, A. 2011. Critical success and failure factors of ERP Implementations: two cases from kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 28(2), pp. 73-82. Badnaaz, A. 2003. Vendors hawk Sarbanes-Oxley wares. Network World Magazine 20(45), pp. 12. Ferran and Carlos. 2008. Enterprise Resource Planning for Global Economies: Managerial Issues and Challenges: Managerial Issues and Challenges. IGI Global. Green, S. 2004. A Look at the Causes, Impact and Future of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Journal of International Business and Law 3(1), pp. 33-52. Hallikainen, P., et al. 2004. Reasons for ERP Acquisition. [Online] Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.90.367rep=rep1type=pdf [Accessed at: 26 April 2017]. Kapp, K. M., et al. 2016. Integrated Learning for ERP Success: A Learning Requirements Planning Approach. CRC Press. Light, B. 2004. Reasons behind ERP package adoption: A diffusion of innovations perspective. [Online] Available at: https://usir.salford.ac.uk/17281/1/20040095.pdf [Accessed at: 26 April 2017]. Miranda, M. Q., et al. 2016. Technology adoption in diffusion of innovations perspective: introduction of an ERP system in a non-profit organization. Revista de Administrao e Inovao 13(1), pp. 4857. Panorama Consulting Solutions. 2015. Clash of the Titans 2016: An Independent Comparison of SAP, Oracle, Microsoft Dynamic s and in for. [Online] Available at: https://go.panorama-consulting.com/rs/603-UJX-107/images/Clash-of-the-Titans-2016.pdf?mkt_tok=3RkMMJWWfF9wsRoluKrLZKXonjHpfsX57OwsWqO%2BlMI%2F0ER3fOvrPUfGjI4CS8ZiI%2BSLDwEYGJlv6SgFTLDGMbVqwrgMWxY%3D [Accessed at: 26 April 2017]. Ptak, C. A., and Schragenheim, E. 2016. ERP: Tools, Techniques, and Applications for Integrating the Supply Chain. 2nd ed. CRC Press. Rajan, C. A., and Baral, R. 2015. Adoption of ERP system: An empirical study of factors influencing the usage of ERP and its impact on end user. IIMB Management Review 27(2), pp. 105117. Rodriguez, E., et al. 2014. ICAS2014-International Conference on Analytics Driven Solutions: ICAS2014. Academic Conferences Limited. Tortorella, G. L., and Fries, C. E. 2015. Reasons for adopting an ERP system in a public University in Southern Brazil. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Operations Excellence and Service Engineering Orlando, Florida, USA. Whanga, J., et al. 2003. A Case Study on the Successful Upgrade of ERP System. 7th Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems, Adelaide, South Australia.