Accounting case study Essays

Accounting case study Essays Accounting case study Essay Accounting case study Essay Dear Mr Han I am writing this letter to explain how the profit and loss account and balance sheet that you have received works. I would like to start off by explaining what the purpose of a profit and loss account is. This makes an accurate calculation of the profit or loss made by the business over a certain period of time. Depreciation in the profit and loss account is the loss in value of the assets in the business over a period of time. For example if there is a car or a van in the business the value of the car will depreciate over the years and will not be worth as much when it comes to selling it. The trading account is the basic process of a business. This shows how much profit the organisation makes by this basic business process, not including other costs that the business may incur. Some things that you would find in a trading account are: * Sales receipts for sales for the year * Sales returns amount paid back to customers when items are returned * Purchases for a manufacturing organisation this is the value of raw materials purchased; for a service business it would be the cost of items bought to sell to customers or used to provide a service to customers. The costs of goods sold are calculated by opening stock + purchases purchase returns closing stock. This is shown on my example profit and loss account. Overheads are things like rent and rates and they do not change throughout the year no matter how much they sell, there is also an example on my profit and loss account. Gross profit is calculated by the net sales cost of goods sold. Net profit is calculated by gross profit all other costs that the business incurs. I would like to explain the different kinds of income and expenditure that businesses incur. Expenditure is any money spent on any costs of the business, such as: * Rent * Wages * Petrol Drawings and the cost of fixed assets are not classed as an expense and do not appear in the profit and loss account. Income is the money that the business is earning for example through sales. Capital income is money or value contributed to the business by the owner to get it started or buy equipment. They can receive money through rent received, which is when a business has a property that they rent out to another business, which then gives them income every month, commission received is when the business may sell a product o a service on behalf of another organisation and then they may receive commission for selling the other businesses products or services. This is an explanation on how you know that the accounts balance. Capital + net profit the amount the owner has paid off = less drawings. So net assets and less drawings are the two figures on the accounts that have to be the same for the account to balance. I hope that this letter has helped you figure out how the profit and loss accounts and balance sheet works. Yours sincerely Hannah Clark

Individual Policy Manual

Individual Policy Manual Abstract The paper covers four employee policies formulated from four emerging issues in the field of human resource management. These emerging issues that are mentioned are health and safety, equality and diversity, recruitment and selection along with non-discrimination and anti-harassment. The paper covers the reasons as to why various managers have been failing to manage their firms.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Individual Policy Manual specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reasons as to why the policies on the issues must be included in an employee handbook have been covered with special emphasis on the negative impacts of these issues to an organization. The paper also examines some of the governmental laws that emphasized on the implementation of these policies within an organizational setting. Research Paper Several companies in different nations around the globe have failed continuously to attain their set goals, visions, and objectives. This has necessitated the investigation of emerging issues in the Human Resource Management sector in order to fix the weaknesses affecting most organizations. There has also been a need to give the advantages of creating certain policies that prohibit individuals from going against the accepted codes of conduct for the set goals to be attained. Among the emerging issues, this paper will concentrate on health and safety, equality and diversity, recruitment and selection along with nondiscrimination and anti harassment. The paper will also explore the relevance of formulating policies on these issues along with governmental laws that support the policies (Barrett, 2006). In the recent past, most firms have failed to attain their set goals and objectives due to the fact they have lost their highly skilled personnel through death among other fatalities. The accidents on the employees of a certain firm may happen either from within the firm or o utside. Furthermore, the living environments for such workers are usually poor to an extent that they are affected health wise. The health and safety of a work force also affect the processes taking place within a firm thus there will be no consistency. When there is lack of a safety and health policy, the chances of missing innovation within the firm is also high. In fact, a good working environment is in most cases associated with high productivity.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A good working environment can only be created through the implementation of an effective health and safety policy (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, Cardy, 2009). This policy is in line with one of the community strategies of the European Commission which states, health as well as safety is part and parcel of the social and moral obligations of a firm. The policies of a company should not be permanently based on economic parameters. The workers cannot be in a comfortable environment if they have other problems to attend to such as sufferings, reduction in the status of life, family-related problems, damages, and decrease of life span. The reason as to why the health and safety policy was included in the policy manual was to create a comfortable working environment through various ways so that the set goals and objectives are attained. First of all, a comfortable workplace will be created through the creation of fewer health and safety risks to provide better chances for rehabilitation. A health and safety performance of various activities will lead to a smaller number of accidents, injuries, and liabilities. The workers will also be relieved from legal expenses and medical costs. There will also be minimal cases of absenteeism, thus, higher job performance. The provision of safety and health measures through investments, management practices, and training will ensur e a safety and healthy workforce. The other relevant aspect of the implementation of the health and safety policy within the firm is that the workers will be able to fit easily into the working processes. The personnel will also be highly motivated and will have a likelihood of improving on the levels of their skills for the jobs performed. This policy within a firm ensures that the processes and activities taking place are not disrupted. The health and safety policy is also relevant as it is associated with better performances, efficacy, quality services, and an innovative workforce leading to higher job performance. Furthermore, this makes it easier for the company to attain the set goals and visions. In fact, most researchers have attested that the incorporation of health and safety measures bring about positive impacts on the performance of a firm (Drucker, 1955).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Individual Policy Manual specifically for you f or only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Companies from different nations tend to lose their highly proficient staff due to the fact that there is no equality within their working environment. Managers usually have the mentality of treating their workers unfairly by either rewarding individuals that are not supposed to be rewarded or by favoring others while being strict on others. In most cases, the rights of the disabled within the working environment are never considered while in other firms; special attention is granted to men while less concentration is put on women. Some companies solely employ their citizens, relatives, or members of royal families. Some firms reward persons from specific ethnic groups while they do not reward individuals from other ethnicities. The absence of equality and diversity within a firm cannot lead to the attainment of the set goals and objectives. With special regard to this, equality and diversity are a very fundamental issue that needs to be addressed in each and every workplace. The major obligation of any management is usually to ensure that equality and diversity are embraced within the workers environment. The availability of equality usually leads to team work. If individuals within a working environment are offered equal opportunities on the available resources, all the workers will work towards the achievement of the set goals and objectives (Banjoko, 1996). In order for the set goals and objectives to be attained, all services within the workplace should be made available to all members of staff in spite of their gender, disability, race, age, religion, or belief. Inequality along with lack of diversity is some of the major attested obstacles to a company’s development. For a firm to attain its set goals and objectives, it should be devoted to eradicating prohibitive inequalities and enhance diversity within the organization’s practices and procedures. Members of staff should be treated equal ly and with the same interest, attention, courtesy and reverence in spite of their sex, race, religion/belief, disability, age, and caring obligation. The legal service of London supports the notion of equal payment of workers in the Equal Pay Act of 1970.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This firm has tried to come up with the equality and diversity policy within its employee manual so as to be in accordance with the Sex Discrimination Act 197, the Race Relations Act 1976, the Disability Discrimination Act 1995, the Employment Rights Act 1996, the Human Rights Act 1998, the Part-Time Workers (Prevention of Less Favorable Treatment) Regulations 2000, the Fixed-Term Employees (Prevention of Less Favorable Treatment) Regulations 2000, the Employment Equality (Religion or Belief Act) Regulations 2003, and the Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006. All the laws were proposed by the legal service commission of London (Burns, 1978). In the creation of a comfortable environment for all the employees, there is need to treat all the members of staff equally and fairly without any form of discrimination. The enhancement of equal chance in relation to access to the available materials along with equality in the convening of the needs of the workers will lead to a higher jo b performance. Most departments within the companies fail to perform well simply because of a poor recruitment and selection criteria. Most managers tend to allocate workers basing on their physical well-being instead of basing on the knowledge and familiarity of an individual to the task. Workers are usually allocated to departments that they are unwilling or rather unfamiliar with. When a member of staff performs a job that he is unwilling to do, then the probabilities of producing a good job are nil. The allocation of jobs to workers basing on their relationship with a manager may also have a negative impact on the performance of an organization (Armstrong, 1999). Recruitment and allocation of members in fields that they are not qualified tends to weaken the performance of that particular sector. If a proper selection criterion is not followed in the allocation of workers to a certain field, then there will be higher chances of another weakness in any other department. Weak depar tments that produce poor results will have a negative impact on the general performance of the company. The company may also be defeated by highly competitive firms. The purpose of creating this policy was to allocate workers in departments that they are familiar with. This is for the purpose of creating a strong workforce in different departments of the firm. The allocation of workers in sections that they are highly versed with the expected knowledge and skills aids in the provision of a comfortable working environment free from stress. Allocation of workers in different fields basing on the best selection criteria will make the company to have a higher propensity of achieving the set goals and objectives (Mintzberg, 1973). The policy was also created to shun away from assumptions that a woman can do well in certain departments while a man does well in other departments. The members of staff should be allocated in different sections basing on their skills, aptitudes, talent, and k now how. The policy was also developed in order to conform to the requirements of the Sex Discrimination Acts 1975 and 1986, Race Relations Act 1976 and the Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000, Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and the Human Rights Act 1998 of the United Kingdom. The policy was also developed to shun away from future challenges that may arise from the damages caused by allocation of an untrained staff in a certain field. The relevance of including this policy in the employee’s manual was to avoid wastage of time by an employee in attending to a task that he/she has never done before. Apart from spending a lot of time in performing the task, the worker may also produce a shoddy job leading to a poor job performance. This may make it difficult for the firm to attain its set visions, goals, and objectives. The policy will ensure that the shortest time possible is taken in performing a certain task. The policy will also aid in minimizing the burdens on other hig hly experienced workers in other fields that they have not been allocated to. In the absence of the policy, workers may experience the burdens of being allocated departments that they are not familiar with (Bass, 1985). This firm regards employees as its indispensable assets. They are therefore worth shielding from perils like harassment and discrimination. In most cases, organizations that allow harassment and discrimination at the work places are always at risk. The policy is raised to prevent employees from engaging in such activities that may harm other professional leading to poor job performance (Guest, 1991). Individuals within the working environment may create hazards by subjecting their colleagues to unlawful activities for instance harassment of workers by their colleagues. As a matter of fact, this has been a major growing liability trend in human resource. If the employees, who are the major contributors of success within the organizations, are harassed, then the set go als, objectives, and visions will not be attained. To protect professionals from such activities, certain strategies must be put in place to guide the behavior of the members of staff (Weisinger, 1998). Discrimination and harassment within an individuals working environment can cause injuries to employees. This behavior also promotes poor morale among the workers and reduces the levels of productivity. The concerned organization may also be exposed to expensive litigation losses. Some of the losses may be in terms of larger amounts of money, time, and energy as well as highly trained members of staff. This necessitates prompt implementation of the non discrimination and anti harassment policy. The policies that prohibit discrimination and harassment were also developed to conform to the standards of two imperative federal antidiscrimination laws. These laws are the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA). These policies are usually a imed at being hired, receiving compensations, upholding a job, obtaining training, getting a job promotion and receiving equal opportunities in different working situations. Most of the laws from different nations outlaw discrimination and harassment on the basis of age, sex, racism among other aspects. Other federal as well as state laws outlaw sexual harassment. This is in most cases very expensive to an organization. This is due to the fact that there is reduced productivity and morale, wastage of time, high medical expenses, officially authorized fees along with liabilities. According to Luthans, harassment through the creation of hostile environments includes â€Å"unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, job-related threats for rejecting sexual advances, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature that has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual’s work performance† (Luthans, 1998). Either form of harassment w here men harass women and women harass men is costly to a company. Due to the fact that discrimination and harassment are expensive to a company, there is a need for measures to prevent such perils and wrongdoing. The inclusion of the policy of anti discrimination and non harassment of the employee’s manual will act as a guiding material regarding the behavior of the workers to avoid causing harm on their colleagues (Burns, 1978). Conclusively, all the issues that may affect the performance of an organization should be addressed in order to enhance a good working environment for the set goals and objectives to be attained. The formulation of policies to be followed by the employees should be effected in organizations that are aimed at achieving their visions. Formulated policies ought to be strictly implemented by the employees for the visions to be met. Disciplinary measures should also be formulated to ensure that individuals who break the set policies are attended to accor dingly. List of References Armstrong, M. (1999). Human resources management practice. London: Kogan Page. Banjoko, S.A. (1996) Human resource management. Lagos: Saban Publishers. Barrett, D.J. (2006). Leadership communication. New York: McGraw-Hill. Bass, B.M., (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectation. New York: Free Press. Burns, J.M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper and Row. Drucker, P. (1955). The practice of management. Portsmouth, UK: Heinemann. Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Balkin, D. B., Cardy, R. L. (2009). Managing human resources. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Guest, E.A. (1991). Human resource management. London: McGraw-Hill. Luthans, F. (1998). Organizational behavior. Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill. Mintzberg, H. (1973). The nature of managerial work. New York: Harper Row. Weisinger, H. (1998). Emotional intelligence at work. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.

How does Amazon.com use their digital channels to achieve success Essay

How does Amazon.com use their digital channels to achieve success - Essay Example This means that amazon.com has learnt so much on how to use digital channels to achieve success. This paper explains the many ways that amazon.com uses their digital channels to achieve success. Improving marketing and advertising Amazon.com has used its digital channels to improve its marketing. To be able to do this, the company uses a number of online marketing channels to direct customers to its websites. These online channels include email campaigns, associates sponsoring, portal advertising, sponsored search among other online initiatives. This has enabled the company to achieve a high growth in its sales rates because these channels allow many people to know about Amazon, its products, pricing and delivery/shipping of goods. In this era of technology and internet, many customers browse through online marketing channels to search for products and compare prices and delivery/shipping services. Amazon therefore is taking advantage of this. Apart from directing customers to its we bsites, Amazon.co has also been using its digital channels to advertise its products. ... It uses these channels to quickly inform the customers about the shipping programs it is running so that they can purpose to take advantage of the programs (Rappa 2006). Influencing the purchase of related products Amazon.com uses advertisement through digital channels to help customers expand their product selection and the result of this is increased sales. For example, they could advertise a product in one of their stores, like a book. Other than catching customer attention towards this book, they also match the same book that the customer has selected with another second book. Rappa (2006) explains that in order to select products that will be matched and also to motivate customers to buy the second product, the company uses correlation of past customers who bought the product being advertised and also bought the second product. This kind of matching selection influences customers purchase by showing them a product they are likely to want to purchase in near future apart from one they are interested in. In order to motivate the customers to buy the two books at once, the company supports the matching selection with discounted prices. The customers will therefore decide to take the two products at once using discounted prices and save some money than take the one they are interested in first and come back later for the second one both without discount. This means that making a correlation of sales of products enables the company to pick out the most selling product and use it to influence the purchase of a related product through its digital channels. This type of a strategy reduces chances that customer will go for the second book from another store. Encourage customers to purchase by giving incentives Advertisement and

President Clinton's Crime Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

President Clinton's Crime Policy - Essay Example He successfully stole the "War on Crime" idea and added it into his campaign, and rode it all the way to victory in the White House. However, Clinton soon put his money where his mouth was, and showed just how tough on crime he was going to be during his Presidency. Throughout the entirety of Clinton's administration he "consistently supported increased penalties and additional prison construction. The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 provided state and municipal governments with $30 billion to add 100,000 new police officers, to build more prisons, and to employ more prison guards, as well as funding for crime prevention programs". This was just the start of Clinton showing how he was going to continue his programs against crime in our country. Another potentially surprising figure is that during Clinton's reign as President, 225,000 more jail inmates were put into prisons than during Regan's administration. Clinton took what was considered a more Republican ideal, and turned it swiftly to benefit his campaign, and he also came through with the promises he made during his time in office. Also, by "signing the Violent Crime Control Act and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, which provided prison construction funds to the states, President Clinton's policies had already helped shift funds from higher ed

The effects of exposure to violence in media

The effects of exposure to violence in media CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0Introduction Violence is the use of physical force to injure people or property. Violence may cause physical pain to those who experience it directly, as well as emotional distress to those who either experience or witness it. Individuals, families, schools, workplaces, communities, society, and the environment all are harmed by violence. Violence is a social and health problem for all who experience and witness it. Violence takes many forms, including Family violence, often referred to as domestic abuse, child abuse, child maltreatment, spouse abuse, and wife battering. Other than that, sexual violence, media violence that is the violence that been shown on television, in film. Plus, this era people can see violence through video games and many other examples. Research indicates that violent behaviour may have many different causes, some of which are inborn but most of which are learned from experiencing or witnessing violent behaviour by others, particularly those who are role models. (Daniel, 2007) Moreover, media violence can lead to real violence in multiple ways. Watching television violence is an important predictor of aggressive behaviour. Childrens cartoons and music videos in particular often portray violence. American children see about 16,000 simulated murders and 200,000 acts of violence on television by age 18. In nearly 75 percent of those cases, punishment is not shown to be a consequence of violent behaviour. (U.S. Surgeon General and the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health, 2006) Nevertheless, a research done by Albert Bandura (1961) found that, if children observe violent behaviour at home, in school, or on television, they may come to believe that turning angry feelings into angry actions is acceptable behaviour. When these children become angry themselves, they will display the behaviours they have observed, and they even may create new angry behaviours that go beyond what they have learned from their models. 1.1Background of the study Media violence is recognized as a potential contributor to the increase of antisocial attitudes in children and adolescents (Ledingham, Ledingham, Richardson, 1993). Considerations about media violence go back to the 1920s. At that time the earliest coordinated social scientific research investigation into the impact of media violence began in the western countries. It was intended at studying the harmful impacts of media on society. The development of television as a common mass entertainment and information medium during the 1950s encountered similar concerns about potential harms, especially in connection with young audiences (Gunter, 1994). The most important concern in the debate about media violence has been whether or not it promotes aggressive behavior among viewers (Van Evra, 1990). The relationship between heavy exposure to media violence and later aggressive behavior has been studied for more than thirty years. A large body of experimental and longitudinal research on thi s question has been evaluated, and it has been determined that there is a link between viewing TV violence and aggressive behavior (APA, 1993). There is also research indicating that heavy exposure to screen violence can cause problems in other domains of social behavior. For example, it can make people become both fearful of the world around them and more accepting of violence in the real life as displayed by others (Singer Singer, 1980). Nowadays, many concerns have been raised about the kinds of values and attitudes that may be inculcated by exposure to certain kinds of media content, especially violence in movies (Kubey Larson, 2005). During the last decade, accusations towards the media have also been made against violent computer and video games, the popularity of which among adolescents is rising (Scott, 2000). While social scientists work on determining the major causation of violence, such as social environments, cultural factors, family instruction, and group membership (Fraser, 1996; Staub, 1996), parents, teachers, politicians and school administrators continue blaming the media for increases in violence attitudes among adolescents. For instance, school principals, mothers, and young people were surveyed for their perceptions of factors influencing violence among youth. The results showed that violent messages in rap music and violence in the movies are perceived as the factors influencing violence (Kandakai, Price, Telljohann, 1999, Pryor, Sard, Bombyk, 1999). Moreover, the results indicated that media violence was perceived to be one of the major causes of violence in 47-54% of the questionnaires. Clearly, media violence is not in itself a sufficient cause of real world violence (Zuckerman, 1996).However, as the numerous studies show, parents and school personnels’ concerns about media violence are justified. 1.1.1Attitudes toward Violence Attitudes toward violence are viewed as having a significant mediating role in the translation of aggressive feelings into aggressive behaviours (Velicer, Huckel, Hansen, 2003). Furthermore, researchers have identified social attitudes that could be responsible for cultural variations in rates of violence (Cohen Nisbett, 1994). It is asserted that attitudes are governed by internal value systems. Person develops his/her attitudes through a complex and particular evaluative procedure based on cognitive and affective reactions to life experiences (Eiser van der Pligt, 1988). From a social cognitive approach, attitudes are believed to guide individual differences in social information processing. For instance, beliefs that violence is compulsory to achieve desired results may lead a person to focus more to aggressive aspects of social cues or anticipate positive outcomes for violent behavior (Dodge, 1993). It is commonly admited that attitudes have a significant power on behavior, especially violent behavior (Kxaus, 1995). Relations have been found between specific attitudes and violent behavior in children and adolescents. Huesmann and Guerra (1997) detected that through middle childhood, childrens beliefs that violence is acceptable. Another study by Vernberg, Jacobs and Hershberger (1999) investigated attitudes about violence as a possible influence on the frequency of commonplace aggression toward peers. The results demonstrated that the relation between attitudes favoring violence and self-reported aggression toward peers was significant in the sample of 1,000 youth. A positive relationship between proviolence attitudes and actual violent behavior has been also found in a sample of youth from juvenile detention and school settings (Slaby Guerra, 1988). It was found that a belief about the acceptability of aggression was significant and independent predictor of aggressive behavior. Violence related beliefs were related to self-reported violent behavior in a study of low income African American youth. An intervention designed to change violence-related beliefs resulted in decreased aggressive behavior in adolescents incarcerated for violent offences (Guerra Slaby, 1990). Given that attitudes influence behavior al predispositions, changing attitudes should contribute to behavioral change (Shapiro, Dorman, Burkley, Welker, Clough, 1997). In turn, this means that attitudes are an appropriate target for violence prevention programs. Media are believed to be potential contributors to the development of antisocial behavior in children. One can identify several ways that media violence could affect social behavior. First, TV violence could provide the original aggressive scripts which children store in memory. Secondly, TV violence might affect behavior by changing a persons attitudes or emotional responses to violence. Thirdly, it may arouse a person, which in a short-term may have serious outcomes, for example, physical risk-taking (Potts, Doppler, Hernandez, 1994). Educators and researchers are especially concerned with children and youth, because their attitudes, beliefs, ideas about the world, as well as social skills, are beginning to take form. Given the fact that children and youth are often exposed to media which glorify violence, and that the young viewers are still in very active developmental stages, it is reasonable to argue that there might be a relationship between extensive exposure to violent medi a and subsequent development of antisocial behavior. 1.2Problem Statement Although much of the research has focused on exposure to media violence as a factor contributing to antisocial behavior (Groebel, 1998), some effects of media violence have been examined more extensively than others. Woodfield (1989), in her review of the literature, asserted that the major concern has been the causal relationship between TV violence and aggressive attitudes, and there were fewer studies that focused on the cognitive and affective outcomes of exposure to media violence. The same notion was stated by Rule and Ferguson (1986), who declared that there seemed to be sparse research regarding the relation between media exposure and attitudes toward aggression (p.39). Upon reviewing the literature for this study, it has become obvious that research directly investigating the relation between media violence and attitudes has tended to focus on the acceptance of violence toward women (Malamuth Check, 1981; St.Lawrence Joyner, 1991). Only a few available studies considered the special effects of exposure to media violence on attitudes toward violence. Furthermore, outcomes of these studies are mixed. Some researchers found that the greater the level of exposure to television violence, the more the child was willing to suggest violence as a solution to conflict, to perceive it as effective, and to become more accepting of violent behavior displayed by others (Dominick Greenberg, 2001). Others did not find any significant support for the hypotheses that high exposure to television violence caused adolescents to accept violence as a way to solve their problems, and that exposure to television violence made them more callous in relation to near or distant violence in the world around them (Woodfield, 1989). Despite the fact that there is little research evidence to confirm attitudinal changes as a result of exposure to media violence, it is a pervasive theme throughout the empirical literature that heavy exposure to violent messages conveyed in the media influences and shapes individual attitudes toward violence in the real world. For example, it is often encountered that heavy viewers of TV/video violence tend to accept violence as a solution to conflicts and perceive it as an effective means of settling disputes (Potter, 1998), that viewers might believe that it is fairly common for people to fight, and that aggression is proper and acceptable in many different real-life situations (Berkowitz, 2001). Thus, more research is needed to test the empirical evidence. It should also be mentioned that the majority of research presented above was experimental, and it is clear that the results could be different in the natural environment. In addition, research was conducted mostly with children, which makes it difficult to make generalizations on other age groups. Since adolescent boys are the main audience of movies with violent content, and their culture also includes violent computer and video games, often human-directed (Funk Buchman, 2002), it is considered worthwhile to conduct a study exploring adolescents attitudes toward violence on the basis of their exposure to screen violence, both passive (movies) and interactive (video/computer games) 1.3.1Research Objectives The general objective of this study is to identify whether there is an effects of watching violence movies on the attitudes concerning aggression among secondary schoolboys. The specific objectives of this study are intended to: 1.3.1.1To determine the habits of SMKDTHO secondary schoolboys in watching films. 1.3.1.2To examine the level of affection of SMKDTHO secondary schoolboys to watch violence movies. 1.3.1.3To identify the relationship between affection toward violent movie and attitudes concerning aggression among SMKDTHO secondary schoolboys. 1.3.2Research Questions Based on the problems mentioned, the key questions to be studies are: 1.3.2.1What are the habits of SMKDTHO secondary schoolboys in watching films? 1.3.2.2What are the levels of affection of SMKDTHO secondary schoolboys toward violence movies? 1.3.2.3Is there a relationship between affection toward violent movie and attitudes concerning aggression among SMKDTHO secondary schoolboys? 1.4.1 Conceptual Framework Figure 1.4.1 1.4.2Conceptual Definition Hypothesis 1 H1: The SMKDTHO secondary schoolboy’s habit in watching violence movies is watching violent movies with their parents. Hypothesis 2 H1: The level of affection of SMKDTHO secondary schoolboys is high in watching violent movies. Hypothesis 3 H1: There is a relationship between affection toward violent movie and attitudes concerning aggression among SMKDTHO secondary schoolboys. 1.5Scope of Study The scope and coverage of this study will be targeted at the Form One until Form Five secondary schoolboys that is age between 13-17 years old in Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Desa Tun Hussein Onn (SMKDTHO) in Kuala Lumpur. The main reason is because they have the potential to expose the research which is the effects of watching violence movies on the attitudes concerning aggression among secondary schoolboys. In this school, the entire students have different kind of attitudes and skill level toward the effect of violent movies. Some of them have their own perspective and preferences in watching violence movies. The expected amount of targeted respondents is 50 people and it is important to find out the relationship between affection toward violent movie and attitudes concerning aggression. This research will focus on quantitative method with questionnaire. 1.6Significance of the Study Presentation to violence in the media can affect adolescents forceful conduct. The presentation to brutality in viewing the violent films can have on forceful conduct and dreadfulness on the teenagers. Ann Cami (2008) talk about that even there is no proof supporting the thought that rough media can truly really increments violence wrongdoing, still research has mulled over that when a teen have watch a violent films, some may carry on forcefully, they may attempt to be a copycat, bully other individuals or may experience apprehension, create doubtful observations concerning the roughness that exists in this present reality, or grow less propelled good thinking methodologies. There are numerous cases we can see in our county Malaysia. So the primary reason is to know the impacts of viewing violent movies on the state of mind concerning hostility. Here, parents, teacher, the school administrators and the counsellor play important roles to help the teenagers about this. 1.6.1 Parents CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.0Introduction A quantitative methodology is felt as the perfect system to be utilized for this study. This is on account of the writing audit has obviously demonstrated that this methodology is generally utilized as a part of the field of examination on media and their impacts on the general public. Moreover, a quantitative examination outline is relevant to the motivation behind the present study: to think about and foresee savagery related state of mind among pre-adult young men on the premise of their introduction to media roughness. In particular, the study utilizes a review examination outline technique that permits the incorporation of an extensive number of specimen (respondents) while considering a few mediating variables. Review procedure has a few qualities that make it more proficient to intercultural studies. The area of this study was seven universal schools in Kuala Lumpur. The seven universal schools chose were The Alice Smith School, MontKiara Worldwide School, Utama Global School, Arrangement Universal School, Fairview Global School, Sayfol Universal School, and Worldwide Indian Universal School. The point of interest of these worldwide schools has been gotten from Kuala Lumpur Instruction Office. As per rundown there were 10 Global schools in Kuala Lumpur of which three of them are elementary schools. This study utilized the comprehensively 4-scale Likert sort instrument as the primary strategy for information accumulation. Likert is a psychometric scale habitually used in surveys structures, and is the most generally used scale in study mull over too. In the wake of offering an explanation to a Likert survey, specialist can recognize their level of consent to a subject. The information was gathered utilizing four instruments: the Demographic Poll, the Media survey Propensities Poll, the fondness to film viciousness scale, the State of mind concerning Hostility Scale. 3.1 Population and sample The specimen estimate that has been utilized for this examination is taking into account the Krejcie, R.V and Morgan D.W (1970). Consequently, taking into account Krejcie and Morgan (1970) out of 865 schoolboys in Kuala Lumpur universal schools, the example was 260. Since the quantity of understudies in chose schools was unequal, circulating the polls was in view of the extent of number of schoolboys in each one school to the aggregate populace of understudies. Thusly, 30 to 45 polls were conveyed in diverse schools in light of the specified extents. The choice to target guys can be portrayed by the way that immature young men are the fundamental crowd of activity motion pictures with abnormal amounts of brutality (Roe, 1995). They are additionally the most continuous feature films/PC diversion players (Griffiths, 1991). Whats more, since the past studies show, young men are more inclined to pick films with dream and human savagery as their top choice (Buchman Funk, 2003). As the present study is gone for surveying youth demeanour to savagery on the premise of presentation to media brutality, this decision of the example of the study is sensible. The testing system utilized for this study is methodical inspecting strategy. The fundamental concern in the utilize of precise inspecting with a consistent dispersing is that the things to be examined ought not to be set in an organized style which may compare to the dividing along transect or the network. (Carter Gregorich, 2008) Methodical inspecting is regularly utilized and easy to apply; it comprises of taking each Kth testing unit after an arbitrary begin (Kish 1995)

Views Toward Christians :: essays research papers

Some of the most important writings of the Apostolic Age were those of the new testament and the Apocryphal writings. These apocryphal writings resembled the New Testament writings, and many of them fell into the literary categories of gospel, acts, letters, and apocalypse's. These writings did not belong neither to the New Testament canon nor did the writings recognize any of the fathers of the church. Some of the documents were written for initiates in groups such as the Gnostics. For the groups that claimed knowledge derived from a secret tradition, the works were genuinely apocryphal, which means, "books kept hidden." Others were written for open and general use in the churches of which their authors were members. Many of these simply failed to become accepted as part of the orthodox canon of the Bible. There are many different views toward Christians. From an intellectual point of view, Christians agree with others as far as to follow Christ, and many have viewed them as a people who believe in the divine inspiration of the entire Bible and that this bible is sufficient enough to guide us in the right direction concerning all of our matters of faith. They view us (myself being a Catholic) as a people who believe that the moral principles of Jesus are the absolute truth, and that the New Testament must be our only guide in religious faith. On the other hand, there are those who view Christians. On the other hand, There were those who had sworn that Christians were atheists. They claimed that Christians were Atheist because they did not worship traditional religion. People actually believed that Christians supported no religion at all and were nothing other than non believers. They had also claimed that Christians practiced incest among one another because of their family gatherings at dinner time. Although not everyone believed these stories, they were still spread throughout many of the religious communities. The celebrations and the belief in the real, physical presence of Christ in the Eucharist grew from the teachings of the evangelists and St. Paul. They made it plain to the apostolic Church that the Eucharistic elements were literally Jesus Christ continuing His saving mission among men. The Eucharist celebrations began because of the Christians devotion and faith of the Real Presence of Christ in the Holy Eucharist. The celebration of the Eucharist is founded on our Catholic doctrine and it is grounded on the solid rock of our Christian revelation.

Seperating Metal Cations Using Paper Chromatography

Lab #3 Separating Metal Cations by Paper Chromatography Introduction/Purpose: In chemistry, it is important to effectively analyze the components in a given mixture. In order to do so, chemists will analyze a mixture either qualitatively or quantitatively using different methods and equipment. Qualitative analyses are subjective, and only gather â€Å"non-numerical† data such as the color, appearance, and smell of the components. This data is intended to obtain physical information on the components present.While quantitative analyses are objective, and use â€Å"numerical† data to gather the quantity of the components present. Quantitative data can be given in terms of height, area, volume, weight, speed, time, temperature, etc. Each method of data analyses provides chemists with specific types of information that can be used to draw conclusions about the experiments they have performed. This lab utilized both quantitative and qualitative data by using the Paper Chroma tography method for determining the metal cations present in an unknown sample.This was performed by using reagents that reacted with the metal cations deposited on the paper. The retention factor of each known cation was calculated in order to determine which metal cations were present in two unknown samples. Objective: Effectively use Paper Chromatography to analyze quantitative and qualitative data of different metal cations, in an effort to correctly identify two unknown samples of metal cations, by comparing them against a chromatogram with known component reactions.This lab also aids in better understanding the importance of developing a chemist’s observation and data recording methods, as some of the reactions are faint, or may degrade over a short period. Material & Equipment: 1) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 2) 600 ml beaker 3) Plastic wrap 4) Rubber band 5) (3) Paper filters 6) (2) 11 x 14 cm pieces of chromatographic paper 7) Pencil 8) Metric ruler 9) Capilla ry tube 10) Paper towels 11) 10 ml of 6M HCL 12) 35 ml of Acetone ((CH3)2CO) 13) Metal cations- Iron(III), Cobalt(II), Nickel(II), and Copper(II) 14) Two unknown sample cations 5) Reagents: Potassium ferrocyanide, Potassium thiocynate in acetone, Dimethyl glyoxime in ethanol 16) 50 ml beaker with 25 ml of ammonium hydroxide 17) Fume hood Procedure/Methods: 1) *See the attached pre-lab outline for the procedure/order of operations used in completing this lab experiment* 2) *The procedure was altered at step #9 with direction from the lab instructor. Chromatogram #2 was not spotted with the four known metal cations. * Three pieces of filter paper were used to practice spotting with the four known metal cations.The filter paper was folded into four separate sections and a small sample of the known metal cation was spotted onto a marked point. This process was repeated for each piece of filter paper. Filter sample #1 was spotted using potassium ferrocyanide; filter sample #2 was spotted using potassium thiocynate in acetone; and filter sample #3 was spotted using dimethyl glyoxime in ethanol. Using three separate samples allowed the group to analyze the qualitative results (color change) of the interactions with each of the four metal cations.This provided preliminary data that was used to hypothesize which compound would be best to spot the known metal cations on chromatogram #1. After reviewing both the interaction results, and the retention values (RF), we then determined which reagent provided the most identifiable interaction with each of the metal cations. Equation 1. [pic] Data: *See attached Data Sheets* Results: The lab instructor reported the results of the correct unknown metal cations as follows: 1) Unknown #1 = Copper ) Unknown #2 = Iron and Nickel As shown on Data Sheet #2, our lab group concluded that the unknown metal cations were as follows: 1) Unknown #1 = Cobalt 2) Unknown #2 = Iron Qualitative Data (Chromatogram #1): The first observations made of chromatogram #1 were those of the physical changes in the color of the metal cations after they were exposed to the developing solvent. The colors observed for the metal cations were as shown by the corresponding bar graph in Figure 1 below.Copper = Light Brown, Nickel = Pink, Iron = Blue, and Cobalt = Green Quantitative Data (Chromatogram #1): After the qualitative observations were analyzed and recorded, the spotted sections of each metal cation were marked with a pencil at the highest migration distance of the substance. This measurement was then used in calculating the Rf value of each metal cation, using Equation 1 above, and represented in Figure 1 below. Copper = . 7, Nickel = . 1, Iron = 1, and Cobalt = . 5 Figure 1. [pic] Qualitative Data (Chromatogram #2):The first observations made of chromatogram #2 were those of the physical changes in the color of the metal cations after they were exposed to the developing solvent. The colors observed for the metal cations were as shown by the corresponding bar graph in Figure 2 below. Unknown #1 = Green, and Unknown #2 = Blue Quantitative Data (Chromatogram #1): After the qualitative observations were analyzed and recorded, the spotted sections of each metal cation were marked with a pencil at the highest migration distance of the unknown substance.This measurement was then used in calculating the Rf value of the unknown metal cations, using Equation 1 above, and represented in Figure 2 below. Unknown #1 = . 41 and Unknown #2 = . 91 Figure 2. [pic] Conclusion: The qualitative and quantitative data of the known metal cations from chromatogram #1 were used to determine the metal cations that composed Unknown sample #1 and #2, in chromatogram #2. Unknown #1 was developed using KSCN/acetone, and Unknown #2 was developed using K4Fe(CN)6. However, it is unknown why we chose to use that reagent as opposed to the other two available.It is also clear that a deviation from the procedure caused us to erroneously streak our chromatogram unknowns with only one reagent. Failing to spot and streak chromatogram #2 with all reagents prohibited our ability to analyze the sample after exposure to all reactions. As shown from the results of the filter paper samples, we were able to see qualitative changes on Fe, Cu, and Co with the use of potassium ferrocyanide, Fe, Cu, and Co with the use of potassium thiocynate in acetone, and Fe, Co, and Ni with the use of dimethyl glyoxime in ethanol.Although the colors in each reaction were different with each of the reagents used on the filter paper samples, the use of each reagent would have provided us with a number of visual changes to identify. Those observations would have been marked, and prompted more calculations of the Rf values associated with each reaction, allowing for a more thorough evaluation and determination of the unknown metal cations present.Although we were able to accurately detect the presence of Fe in unknown sample #2, it is evident that if the chromatogram had been exposed to the dimethyl glyoxime in ethanol, we would have detected the Ni as well. The exposure of the filter sample containing the Ni, to dimethyl glyoxime in ethanol, yielded the only visual reaction, out of all three reagents tested. This labs results further solidify the need to conduct the procedure as thoroughly as possible, and if there are feelings of inadequacy, we perform the procedures that we feel will enable us to procure the most accurate results.